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XXI
Originally published in Alex G. Malloy, in Medieval Coins XVII, 1980. Modified for display online.
Standard types of Alexius IV and John IV
Austrian Scale Hoard Classifications
CLASS I - Thirteen coins are in this class, five of which show the
letter of John IV. This class is, for all purposes, the standard type,
but the coins do not fall into published types in Retowski. In
actuality, the standard class and class I is the same. The eight coins
where John's letter is not present are attributed by style. One coin is
die linked with the standard type. The rider's lower torso and leg
portion is styled diagonally from right to left downward. The average
weight is 0.798gr.
CLASS II - Twenty-seven coins are assigned to this class, of which ten coins have I or letter in left legend on obverse. This style is basically the same as class I
except the rider's lower torso and leg portion is styled by wavy lines vertically. The average weight is 0.776gr. z'
CLASS III - One coin with /I
with the emperor's upper torso with cross hatching, as is St. Eugenius
in the standard type. The weight of this coin is 0.73gr.
CLASS IV - Nineteen coins of this class with two coins with or to left of emperor. This class is identified by diagonal lines from reins of horse to end of rider's
legs. The overall appearance is a cruder style, more fluid in its rendering. The average weight is 0.768gr.
CLASS V
- Three coins in this class. No legend is relating exactly to John. The
upper and lower torso is represented with one line of pellets. The
horse's mane is a single line instead of a line of pellets.
CLASS Va
- One coin present in the hoard. Same as class V, but horse's mane is
rendered as a line of pellets. The average weight for coins in Class V
is 0.753gr.
CLASS VI - Eight coins fall into this class. Four coins have or I letters to the left of ruler. Five coins are die linked. The basic type shows ruler's upper torso with
line down center and line for horse's mane, the rest of design is like class II.
CLASS VIa - Four coins are in this class. Three coins show to left of ruler. The type is identical except the upper torso of ruler is styled with a line of pellets down
the center. The average weight of class VI is 0.73gr.
CLASS VII
- One coin is in this class. This remarkable coin has the emperor with a
helmeted head facing. The basic type is like class VI and in the upper
torso on the ruler's bust are two annulets. The average weight to class
VI is 0.73gr.
Two coins in the hoard are not identified to class, but are John's coins. One is attributed to either class VI or class II.
Of
the remaining coins in the hoard, four cannot be assigned to a specific
emperor. These are possibly barbaric or just crude strikes. Of the
remainder, several distinct different styles emerged. There are two
obverse dies in which the area where the imperial monogram should be is
clearly visible, but there is no monogram. One of these obverses appears
on seven die duplicates, one obverse die which appears on five coins,
each with different reverses. The style of both these obverse dies (and
their respective reverses) is distinctive from those with imperial
monograms, and on most of these coins there is very little wear evident.
The average weight of these duplicate coins is 0.719gr., that of the
die linked coins, 0.73gr. In view of the great die repetitions, the lack
of wear, the fact that these coins are lower in weight than the
average, and the deviation of actual types of coins from John's standard
type, as well as his class coins, it is probable that they represent
coinage after that bearing the name of John IV.
There were,
until now, no coins ascribed to the rather obscure successors of John IV
(except for Sabatier incorrectly attributing a large asper to the reign
of David). John IV was succeeded at death, 1458, by a son Alexius V and
his brother David. Later the throne passed to a sister, name unknown,
who married the Turkish Sultan Mohamet II. On her death in 1462, the
last of Greek empires ceased to exist. The empire of Trebizond was
assimilated into her husband's Ottoman Empire. These coins could have
been minted in the reign of John IV after the signed coins, but this
seems rather doubtful due to the various types of coins issued under
John after the standard types. They could even be from the period after
the empire of Trebizond ceased to exist as an independent entity. Of
course this holds little value due to the Muslim concept of no human
images on their coinage. They could have been struck from an
unidentified mint in Trebizond, but the city Trebizond was the only
major city in the empire, so this seems doubtful. They could be struck
as copies of the Trebizond aspens from elsewhere. The regions around the
Black Sea in the latter part of 15th century, were more or less under
Ottoman or Khanate control except for the kingdom of Georgia, which had
its own coinage. In all probability, these coins were in fact struck
after John IV, during the reign of David and Alexius V, 1458-1461.
The
thirty-one coins assigned to this reign have a definite new style, but
are still true to the Trebizond tradition of horseman types. The outline
or basic line definition is wide while the internal line design is
narrow and often in a cursive style.
CLASS I - There are fourteen coins from the hoard that belong to this class. Nine coins have a or
in place of ruler's monogram to the left of ruler. Head facing is more
stylized. The body of the horse is a key to these types. Forepart of
horse is like John IV class, but more ordered, horseman's legs are
designated with a single line, back of horse shows linear tree design or
diagonal lines up from a central core. St. Eugenius is replaced on the
reverse with emperor on horseback type like the obverse. This fact also
strengthens the belief that the -coins could have been issued under the
dual reign of David and Alexius V.
CLASS Ia - Three coins
belong to this sub-class. The type is identical to class I except the
design on back of horse is reversed. The average weight is 0.743gr.
CLASS II
- This single coin is similar to class I, but on horse's back is cross
hatching. Facing heads are more oval and round in design. Weight of coin
is 0.67gr.
CLASS III - These two coins of 0.75gr. average weight, show an added row of diagonal lines to horse's back, as in class I.
CLASS IV
- Three coins are assigned to this class. The average weight is
0.696gr. Two coins are die linked. The back of horse has diagonal lines
across back. The rest of the design is basically like class I.
CLASS V
- The one coin of 0.67gr. in this class has characteristics of blank
back and foreparts of horse, and central section of horizontal lines.
CLASS VI
- The four coins that are placed in this class have cross hatched
pattern in lower torso and leg section. The horse design varies in front
and back in types a and b. Average weight is 0.735gr.
CLASS VII - This crude type with random lines and pellets is exemplified by only one style. The weight is 0.60gr.
CLASS VIII
- This, the crudest of the classes, is represented by two coins. The
horse's body and rider are represented by random lines. The average
weight is 0.73gr.
Dr. Alan Stahl has kindly looked at and
studied the hoard. He weighed all coins. It is his observations on
weight changes and his suggestions to the possible coinage
after the reign of John IV that ultimately resulted in the assigning certain types to David and Alexius V.
*Three
of the Trebizond aspens were dispersed and have not been examined by
this writer. Three coins with Arabic inscriptions have been kindly
examined by Mr. Kenneth M. MacKenzie, who has identified them as: [1]
Probably Isfendiarid of Jandar I, 1292-1300 A.D., [2] Ottoman of
Suleyman I, 1520-1566 A.D., and [3] Ottoman of Mehmed IV, 1648-1687 A.D.
As the latter two coins are considerably after the end of the Trebizond
Empire, these three coins are probably to be considered as intrusive to
the hoard.
Wroth, Warwick. Western and Provincial Byzantine Coins of the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Lombards and the Empires of Thessalonica, Nicaea and Trebizond in the British Museum. (1911; Argonaut reprint: Chicago, 1966).
Lots from Alex G. Malloy, Medieval Coins XVII, 1980. Modified for display online.